( 3) reported the isolation of the first caprine enterovirus strain CEV-JL14 from goats with severe diarrhea, and unveiled its complete genome sequence. ( 1) reported the complete genome sequence of an ovine enterovirus strain TB4-OEV. Recently, CEV/OEV infections were increasingly reported, and several strains of CEV/OEV isolated from goats or sheep were also classified as EV-G. Out of 12 species of enterovirus, enterovirus E (EV-E) and enterovirus F (EV-F) mainly contribute to cattle infection ( 7– 15), while enterovirus G (EV-G) is associated with pig infection ( 16– 19). According to the latest virus classification by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the genus of Enterovirus consists of 12 species of enterovirus and 3 species of rhinovirus ( 5, 6). As the causative agent, CEV/OEV belongs to the genus of Enterovirus within the family of Picornaviridae. In summary, we investigated the CEV/OEV infection among the goat/sheep herds from different regions in China, revealed the epidemic pattern and the contribution factors to the infection, which provided the epidemiological data for future prevention and control of this emerging infection.Ĭaprine/ovine enterovirus (CEV/OEV) infection is the recently reported disease characterized by digestive and respiratory signs in goats or sheep ( 1– 4). Additionally, CEV/OEV infection rate had obvious seasonality, while they increased from year 2015 to 2019. Furthermore, raising modes were showed to contribute to the infection rate, where higher rates were detected among goats/sheep in captivity (27.10%) than these in free-range (12.27%) and semi-free range (19.24%). Among these breeds of sheep, higher infection rates were detected in local breed sheep (42.86%) and small-tailed Han sheep (35.91%) than these of Hu sheep (13.41%) and Dorper sheep (16.34%). Out of different breeds of goat, Boer (20.13%) had the highest infection rate, followed by local breed (5.62%) and Saanen (2.61%). Moreover, infection rate was higher in sheep (24.59%) than that in goats (9.84%), even dramatic difference among different breeds of goat or sheep. CEV/OEV infection rates were varied in different regions in China and significantly higher in the diarrheal herds (40.30%) than these in non-diarrheal herds (13.83%). Epidemic patterns and infection rates for CEV/OEV were affected by the breeds, raising mode, regions, and seasons. Epidemiological investigation revealed a wide range of infection rates of CEV/OEV from 19.80%−39.00% on goat/sheep farms in the major goat/sheep-raising provinces as such Henan, Shandong, Ningxia, Jilin, Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and Xinjiang autonomous region in China. Here, we report the investigation on CEV/OEV infection pattern and the underlying contribution factors by employing a sandwich ELISA kit for detection of CEV/OEV antigen. 2College of Animal Husbandry Engineering, Henan Agricultural Vocational College, Zhengzhou, ChinaĬaprine/ovine enterovirus (CEV/OEV) infection is an emerging disease and remains largely unknown for its infection distribution, epidemic pattern, and the underlying contribution factors.1State Key Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.All rights reserved.Junying Hu 1 †, Xiaoran Chang 1 †, Rudu Wang 1,2 †, Qun Zhang 1, Fan Zhang 1, Zhiyuan Zhang 1, Fuhui Zhang 1, Mingzhu Qian 1,2 and Xinping Wang 1 * (s): Ovine Bacteria Caprine Cheese Contaminant Ewe Fungus Goat Meta-analysis Microbe Milk Sheep.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. However, since traditional cheese is often made from untreated milk, it is important to educate cheesemakers of key safety measures and good manufacturing practice allowing for the safe production of these food items. Raw milk is nutritious hence prone to contamination. (25%) in caprine and ovine cheese, indicating a variety of food pathogens as well as spoilers. The significantly contaminating microbes were found to be Acremonium spp. This meta-analysis examined 30 studies assessing bacterial or fungal contamination of caprine or ovine milk cheeses. Therefore, these products remain a serious health risk. ![]() A total of 49 foodborne disease outbreaks caused by dairy products were registered in 2017 in Europe. ![]() This cheese is mostly produced in small holdings from untreated milk, making it a high-risk dairy product for human consumption. Caprine and ovine milk amount to 3.1% of the 152 million tonnes of milk produced in Europe, 95% of which is transformed into dairy products such as cheese. The dairy industry is of great importance to the European economy contributing towards € 8.7 billion of the total trade surplus.
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